Anatomy & Definitions All Graphics are courtesy of the Doe Report.  If you have never used The Doe Report before, click here. For newer users, click here to read a brief overview on how to use MDE in your practice. A Adhesion: A fibrous band of scar tissue that binds together normally separate anatomical structures. arthroscopy: Examination of the interior of a joint, such as the knee, using a type of endoscope that is inserted into the joint through a small incision. ataxia: Loss of the ability to coordinate muscular movement. atrophy: A wasting or decrease in size of a body organ, tissue, or part owing to disease, injury, or lack of use: muscular atrophy of a person affected with paralysis. Ankle Anatomy Ankle Fracture -Bi-malleolar Abdominal Aoritc Aneurysm Ankylosing Spondylitis B Babinski sign: Extension upward of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked firmly on the outer side from the heel to the front; normal in infants under the age of two years but a sign of brain or spinal cord injury in older persons Bell's Palsy: A unilateral facial muscle paralysis of sudden onset, resulting from trauma, compression, or infection of the facial nerve and characterized by muscle weakness and a distorted facial expression. Brachial Plexus Brain and Arteries Brain-Functional Areas Brain Hemorrhage with Craniotomy Brain - Anatomy Brain - Anatomy & Functional Areas - Video Brain - Aneurysm Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, especially in the shoulder, elbow, or knee joint. C carpal tunnel syndrome: A condition characterized by pain and numbing or tingling sensations in the hand and caused by compression of a nerve in the carpal tunnel at the wrist. Cauda Equina: The 'tail' end of the spinal cord composed of the nerves, which supply the lower portion of the body. (The nerves somewhat resemble a horse's tail). Cervical Arteries and Veins  Cervical Disc  Cervical Vertebra  Compression fracture: fracture (as of a vertebra) caused by compression of one bone against another Cord Compression: Any compression of the spinal cord by a space-occupying lesion as a herniated disc. Carpal Tunnel Anatomy with Surgical Correction Carpal Tunnel Syndrome with Surgical Correction- Video D Disc Herniation:  Focal disc protrusion due to a radial tear in the annulus through which the gelatinous nucleus pulposus passes.  These occur suddenly and may be the result of trauma, lifting, bending. Disc Herniation -Etiology and Pathology. Herniation of the nucleus pulposus (HNP) through an anular defect causes focal protrusion of disk material beyond the margins of the adjacent vertebral end plate. (any directional displacement of the disc is a herniation). Disc Bulging Annulus:  A generalized smooth expansion of the disc due to chronic repetitive circumferential tears in the annulus secondary to rotational stresses from chronic wear and tear from everyday life activities. Note: These do not result from the incident trauma but if supporting ligaments are traumatically injured, the degenerative process can be accelerated and over time can be aresult of the trauma. Disc Free Fragment:  When a portion of a herniated disc becomes separated from the remainder of the disc.  The fragment may migrate superiorly or inferiorly. l Dermatome: Skin level that corresponds to a neurological segment. An example would be the skin in the upper portion of an arm corresponds to the C5 nerve distribution. deQuervain's Syndrome, also known as "washerwoman's sprain", is an inflammation of the sheath or tunnel that surrounds two tendons that move your thumb diabetic neuropathy: A combined sensory and motor neuropathy, usual symmetric and segmental and involving autonomic neurons, seen frequently in older diabetic patients Disc-Herniated Disc Herniation - Cervical with MRI Interpretation Disc Herniation-Axial View Disc Herniation-Anterior Disc Herniation - Lumbar Anterior Disc Herniation Lumbar - Right Paracentral Disc Herniation - Discectomy Disc Herniation - Lumbar with Discogram Disc Herniation - Lumbar with Laminectomy, Forminotomy & Discectomy Disc Herniation - Cevical Anterior Fusion Disc - Cervical - Video   E Ear - Anatomy Ear - Neurological Innervation Epi-Dural Hematoma: Bleeding outside the dural covering of the brain.  There is no bleeding inside the brain. Epilepsy:  Any of various neurological disorders characterized by sudden recurring attacks of motor, sensory, or psychic malfunction with or without loss of consciousness or convulsive seizures. Eye - Anatomy and Function   F Facet Joints Fibromyalgia: A syndrome characterized by chronic pain in the muscles and soft tissues surrounding joints, fatigue, and tenderness at specific sites in the body. Also called fibromyalgia syndrome, fibromyositis, fibrositis. Fibromyalgia Symptoms - Female Fibromyalgia Symptoms - Male  Foot Anatomy G Guillain Barré Syndrome: A temporary inflammation of the nerves, causing pain, weakness, and paralysis in the extremities and often progressing to the chest and face. It typically occurs after recovery from a viral infection or, in rare cases, following immunization for influenza. H Hyperesthesia: Excess sensitivity, such as to touch or pinprick.  Hypoesthesia: Decreased sensitivity, such as to touch or pinprick.  Hip Anatomy Hand Anatomy I Intervertebral Foramen: An opening or hole created by two adjacent vertebrate allowing the nerve root to pass through  J K Knee Anatomy Knee Anatomy with Ligaments L lateral epicondylitis: painful inflammation of the tendon at the outer border of the elbow resulting from overuse of lower arm muscles (as in twisting of the hand) Lumbar Disc Herniation  Anterior Lumbar Disc Hernaition  Lumbar Disc Herniation with Nerve Root Impingement Lumbar Spine Anatomy Leg Anatomy   M Migraine A severe recurring headache, usually affecting only one side of the head, characterized by sharp pain and often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances. Also called megrim. Myelopathy: A compression of the spinal cord with the ensuing clinical signs; signs of weakness, hyperreflexia, Babinski sign and sensory deficit below the level of compression Myelin: Sheath that covers a nerve and is responsible for nerve conduction MRI Brain MRI Cervical Disc Herniation with Illustration MRI Lumbar Disc Herniation with Illustration Myofascial Strain-Sprain Inury Computerized Muscle Testing - Hip Flexion - Video N Nerve Root: An extension of the spinal cord as it exits the bony canal. There are two exiting nerve roots on each side at every vertebral level from C2-S1  Nerves-Brain and Peripheral Nerves O Osteoarthritis. A form of arthritis, occurring mainly in older persons, that is characterized by chronic degeneration of the cartilage of the joints. Also called degenerative joint disease. P Q R Radiculopathy: Disease of the spinal nerve root. Compression is considered a radiculopathic finding.  Reflex Sympatheic Injury Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy as a result of Traumatic Leg Injury Raynaud's syndrome: A circulatory disorder that affects the hands and feet, caused by insufficient blood supply to these parts and resulting in cyanosis, numbness, pain, and, in extreme cases, gangrene. Also called Raynaud's disease.   S Sciatic Nerve Anatomy  Shoulder Anatomy Shoulder - Trauma Related Injuries Skeletal System - Anatomy Skin Dermatome Levels Upper Extremity Skin Dermatomes-Whole Body Spinal Nerve - Anatomy Space Occupying Lesion: An object occupying a space it’s not intended to be: herniated disc, bulging disc, inflamed vein during congestion, tumor and foreign object  Spinal Column: 24 Movable vertebrae broken in to 4 parts, cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral. The cervical spine has 7 vertebrae, the thoracic has 12, the lumbar 5 and the sacrum in an adult is 1 segment. As a note: the thoracic spine are the vertebrae that are attached to ribs, those above are cervical and those below are lumbar. Spine Anatomy Spondylosis: Degenerative changes in the disc and annulus with the formation of bony osteophytes that narrow the neural forame Spondylosis Sternum - Fracture   Stenosis: Constriction or narrowing of a passageway or opening, such as the spinal canal when a disc herniates and causes the canal to become smaller  Stenosis - Lumbar Spine Stenosis - Cervical with Bilateral Fusion Sub-Dural Hematoma: Bleeding in the brain below the dural level or in the brain, which is a covering of the brain T Thecal Sac: The covering or sheath of the central nervous system including the brain, spinal cord and nerve root  Tinnitis A sound in one ear or both ears, such as buzzing, ringing, or whistling, occurring without an external stimulus and usually caused by a specific condition, such as an ear infection, the use of certain drugs, a blocked auditory tube or canal, or a head injury. Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Anatomy TMJ - Anterior Displacement Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome - Video   U V Vertebral Column  W Whiplash with Closed Head Injury Whiplash-Side to Side Whiplash-Disc Rim Lesion Whiplash - with Cervical Herniation X Y Z